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There are primarily two branches in which statistics are studied:
Descriptive Statistics
Applied to describe the data using numbers, charts, and graphs. Terms such as mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation are values that summarize data. Descriptive statistics describe the entire group for which the numbers were obtained. These are the actual values for the entire group.
Inferential Statistics
Uses sample statistics to infer relationships of the population parameters.This is most often done in the Analyze and Improve phases using hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and design of experiments (DOE).
Rarely is it possible to analyze the entire population (such as the average weight of all sharks in the ocean). For this reason a sampling strategy is applied. The analysis of the sample is used to apply inferences to the entire population. The values may or may not be the same values for the entire population so they are applied with a confidence interval.
A comparison (of means, variance, proportions) is initiated with a hypothesis statement about a population or populations. The sample statistics are studied to determine, with a certain level of confidence and power, that the hypothesis (null hypothesis) is to be proven false or not false (but not necessarily true). See Hypothesis Testing for more information.
The links below cover other topics within basic statistics:
Graphical Summaries
Hypothesis Testing
Central Limit Theorem
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
"Defect" Metrics
DPU - Defects Per Unit
DPO - Defects Per Opportunity
DPMO - Defects Per Million Opportunities
Process Yield Metrics
FY - Final Yield
TPY - Throughput Yield
RTY - Rolled Throughput Yield
NY - Normalized Yield
The meaning and formula around sigma scores
Z-score
Yield to Sigma Relationships
Process Capability Indices
Other topics
Alpha and Beta Risks (Type I Error and Type II Error)
Power and Sample Size
Comparing Samples vs. Population
Short Term versus Long Term sampling
Data Classification
Kurtosis
Skewness
Multi-variate Analysis
P-Value
Confidence Intervals
Regression
Covariance
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode
Measures of Dispersion: Range, Standard Dev, Variance, Coefficient of Variation
Probability Density Function
Cumulative Distribution Function
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DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS:
CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS:
A
few other continuous distributions (but are not covered in this
website) are Beta, Cauchy, Gamma, Lognormal, Weibull, Double
Exponential, Power Normal, Bivariate Normal, Power Log Normal,
Triangular, and Tukey-Lambda.
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